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FreeBSD, Wake-on-LAN and HP Microservers – WOL compatible Ethernet

I’ve been having some difficulties getting Wake-on-LAN (WOL) to work with an HP Microserver thanks to its Broadcom Ethernet adapter not doing the business with the FreeBSD drivers – setting WOL in the Microserver BIOS doesn’t have any effect. I’m pleased to report a solution that works.

The on-board Broadcom Ethernet adaptor still refuses to play ball, for reasons described in my earlier post. The pragmatic solution is to use a better supported chip set and I’ve had no difficulties with Realtek (at the low end of the market) so it was an obvious choice. Just bung a cheap Realtek-based card in and use it as a remote “on” switch – what could possibly go wrong?

First off, the HP Microserver has PCI-Express slots, but weird looking ones. I’d assumed one was PCI when I’d glanced it, but it’s a PCIe 1-channel slot with something strange behind it – possibly a second 1-channel slot. The documentation says its for a remote management card; presumably one which doesn’t need access to the back. There’s a 16-channel PCIe next to it.All very curious but irrelevant here. The point is that you’ll need a PCIe Ethernet card – a surplus 100M PCI one with a well supported, bog-standard chip, won’t do. The PCIe cards tend to be 1Gb, and are therefore not as cheap.

The first card I bought was a TP-Link TG-3458, which has standard Realtek 8168B adapter chip. Or at least mine did; I note that there is a Mk2 version out there. Mine’s definitely a revision 1.2 PCB, but if you buy one now it may have the newer chip (which is a problem – read on below). Anyway, this Mk1 card worked like a charm. On sending it the magic packet and the Microserver bursts in to life. There’s only one snag: It has a full-height bracket and the Microserver has a half-height slot, so you have to leave the card floating in its socket. This works okay as long as no one trips over the cable.

My second attempt was an Edimax EN-9260TX-E, ordered because it was (a) cheap-ish; (b) had a Realtek chip; and (c) had the all-important half-height bracket. It fitted in the Microserver all right, but refused to act on a WOL, at least to begin with…

It turns out there was a little bug-ette in the driver code (prior to 8.3 or 9.1), spotted and fixed by the maintainer about a year ago. If you want to fix it yourself the patch is here. I decided I might as well use the latest drivers rather than re-working those shipped with 8.2, so pulled them, compiled a new if_re.ko and copied it to /boot/kernel in place of the old one. It didn’t work. Ha! Was I naive!

Further investigation revealed that it was completely ignoring this kernel module, as it was using a driver compiled in to the kernel directly. There was no point having the module there, all it does is trick you in to believing that it’s installed. I only realised “my” mistake when, to my astonishment, removing the file completely didn’t disable the network interface. I solved the problem by compiling a new kernel with the built-in Realtek driver commented out, and I’m currently loading the new driver specifically in loader.conf. It works a treat. I could have changed the kernel Realtek driver, but while it’s under review it’s easier to have it loaded separately. Incidentally, the driver is for 9.1 onwards but it works fine on 9.0 so far.

The next task is to fix the Broadcom driver so it works. I may be gone some time…

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Lighttpd in a FreeBSD Jail (and short review)

Lighttpd is an irritatingly-named http daemon that claims to be light, compared to Apache. Okay, the authors probably have a point although this puppy seems to like dragging perl in to everything and there’s nothing minuscule about that.

I thought it might be worth a look, as Apache is a bit creaky. It’s configuration is certainly a lot simpler than httpd.conf,although strangely, you tend to end up editing the same number of lines. But is it lighter? Basically, yes. If you want the figures it’s currently running (on AMD64) a size of 16M compared to Apache httpd instances of 196M.

But we’re not comparing like for like here, as Lighttpd doesn’t have PHP; only CGI. If you’re worried about that being slow, there’s FastCGI, which basically keeps instances of the CGI program running and Lightttpd hands tasks off to an instance when they crop up. Apache can do this (there’s the inevitable mod), but most people seem happy using the built-in PHP these days so I don’t think FastCGI is very popular. It’s a pity, as I’ve always felt CGI is under-rated and I’m very comfortable passing off to programs written in ‘C’ without there being an noticeable performance issues. Using CGI to run a perl script and all that entails is horrendous, of course. But FastCGI should level the playing field and allow instances of perl or any other script language of your dreams to remain on standby in much the same way PHP currently remains on standby in Apache. That doesn’t make perl or PHP good, but it levels their use with PHP on Apache, giving you the choice. And you can also choose  high-performance ‘C’.

This is all encouraging, but  I haven’t scrapped Apache just yet. One simple problem, with no obvious solution, is the lack of support for the .htaccess file much loved by the web developers and their content management systems. Another worry for me is security. Apache might be big and confusing, but it’s been out there a long time and has a good track record (lately). If it has holes, there are a lot of people looking for them.

Lighttpd doesn’t have a security pedigree. I’m not saying it’s got problems; it’s just that it hasn’t been thrashed in the same way as Apache and I get the feeling that the development team is much smaller. Sometimes this helps, as it’s cleaner code, but it’s statistically less likely to have members adept at spotting security flaws too. I’m a bit concerned about the FastCGI servers all running on the same level, for example.

Fortunately you can mitigate a lot of security worries by running in a jail on FreeBSD (it will also chroot on Linux, giving some degree of protection). It was fairly straightforward to compile from the ports collection, but it does have quite a few dependencies. Loads of dependencies, in fact. I saw it drag m4 in for some reason! Also the installation script didn’t work for me but it’s easy enough to tweak manually (find the directory with the script and run make in it to get most of the job done). The other thing you have to remember is that it will store local configurations in /usr/local on BSD, instead of the base system directories.

To get it running you’ll need to edit  /usr/local/etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf, and if you’re running in a jail be sure to configure the IP addresses to bind to correctly. Don’t be fooled: There’s a line at the bottom that sets the IP address and port but you must find the entry server.bind in the middle of the file and set that to the address you’ve configured for the jail to have passed through. This double-entry a real pooh trap, especially as it tries to bind to the loopback interface and barfs with a mysterious message. Other than that, it just works – and when it’s in the jail it will happily co-exist with Apache.

I’ve got it running experimentally on a production server now, and I’ve also cross-compiled to ARM and it runs on Raspberry Pi (still on FreeBSD), but it was more fun doing that with Apache.

When I get time I’ll do a full comparison with Hiawatha.

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Using ISO CD Images with Windows

When CD-R drives first turned up you needed special software to write anything – originally produced by Adaptec but soon overtaken by Nero, with NTI and Ulead having lower cost options. Now, when you get a PC it will usually come with one of the above bundled to do the job, and Microsoft has added the functionally to Windows since XP (for CD, if not DVD). Not good news for the independent producers, but Microsoft’s offering doesn’t quite make it so you do need something else.
My new Lenovo PC cable bundled with Corel Burn.Now. Corel recently bought the struggling Ulead, and this is fundamentally the same product. Unfortunately Burn.Now just doesn’t cut it – it can’t do the basics.
To duplicate a CD you need to copy all the data on it. Pretty obvious really! If you’re not copying drive-to-drive it makes sense to copy the data to a .ISO image on your hard disk. You can then transfer it to another machine, back it up or whatever, and write it to a new blank disk later. Burn.Now will create a CD from an ISO image, but if you ask it to copy a disk it uses its own weird and whacky .ixb format. Some versions of Burn.Now gave you the choice, but not with the new Corel one. This matters, because whilst everyone can write .ISO files, only Burn.Now can use .IXB.
So Burn.Now is no use. What about Microsoft’s current built-in options? You can actually write an ISO image using Windows 7 – just right-click on the file and select “Burn disc image”. Unfortunately there is no way to actually create such a file with Windows. To do this you need add Alex Feinman’s excellent ISO Recorder, which basically does the opposite: Right-click on the CD drive and select Create Image from CD/DVD.
I’ve yet to find an easy way of creating an ISO image using files and Lenovo’s Corel Burn.Now, but you can at least create a disk and then copy the ISO image off for archive and later duplication.
Unfortunately ISO Recorder doesn’t read all disks – it won’t handle Red Book for a start. This is a bit of a limitation – was Mr Feinman concerned about music piracy? Given Windows Media Player can clone everything on an Audio CD without difficult it won’t make a lot of difference.
So – Windows is its usual painful self. If you just want to simply create an image of a CD or DVD with no bells and whistles, go to UNIX where it’s been “built in” since the 1980’s (when CD-ROMs first appeared). Just use the original “dd” command:

dd if=/dev/acd0 of=my-file-name.iso bs=2048
An ISO file is simply a straight copy of the data on the disk, so this will create one for you. You can write it back using:

# burncd -f /dev/acd0 data my-file-name.iso fixate
Or
# cdrecord dev=1,2,3 my-file-name.iso

Burncd is built in to FreeBSD (and Linux, IIRC), but only works with atapi drives. In the example it assumes the CD recorder is on /dev/acd0 (actually the default).
Cdrecord works with non atapi drives to, but has to be built from ports on FreeBSD and for other platforms it’s available here http://cdrecord.berlios.de/old/private/cdrecord.html – along with lots of other good stuff. The example assumes the device is 1,2,3 – which is unlikely! Run cdrecord -scanbus to locate the parameters for your drive.

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Nominet finally goes to court

Nominet Logo

If you’ve never heard of Nominet, you should have. It’s the organisation that manages most of the domain names ending in .uk. It was set up in 1996 as a company when the previous arrangements (known as the Naming Committee) became overwhelmed. The Naming Committee granted the use of domain names to their rightful owners for no charge, but only their rightful owners. Nominet charged, and was more relaxed about who it sold things to – being too picky meant less income, and it needed income to cope with the increased demand for Internet services.

The snag with this new arrangement was that it allowed speculators to register as many domain names as they wished, with a view to charging end users money to use something they’d pre-registered. This is known as cyber-squatting, although people in this business prefer to call themselves “domainers”.

Nominet was created for the benefit of Internet users in the UK, not cyber-squatters. Unfortunately, cyber-squatters register more domain names than anyone else (as they would), and started to get an undue influence based on their size. Cyber-squatters make various claims about how they’re important for a “vibrant market” in domain names, but there’s no benefit to society in such a market. You could say they’re trading in something that should be free to legitimate users. Some would go as far as to call them parasites. If any cyber-squatters or domainers wish to explain exactly why the label is unfair, please enlighten me.

Anyway, the Nominet board isn’t stupid and has, in recent years, done a lot to skew things in favour of UK Internet users. Not enough as far as I’m concerned, but they’re trying to look after the majority. The cyber-squatters don’t like this, and have started personal attacks on Nominet’s CEO, Lesley Cowley in an attempt to get rid of her with a view to installing someone more of their liking. What’s really upset them was a consultation to allow people to register names directly under .uk, without a .co.uk or .org.uk. For example, Tesco could have been tesco.uk, as is often the case in other countries. Legitimate UK ownership would have been verified, like in the old days, but they would also have cost more. Cyber-squatters hated the idea, because their current stock-pile of .co.uk names would have been somewhat devalued! They had to defeat Nominet in order to preserve their “investment”. The rest of us would have quite like to see the speculators clobbered, although I’ve never had the feeling that was Nominet’s intention.

Nominet has finally had enough, and late this afternoon launched a High Court action against Graeme Wingate and his company That Internet Ltd, citing “[unacceptable] harassment and victimisation of our staff”. What this is really about is whether Nominet is run for the benefit of everyone, or the cyber-squatters.

 

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Red October or Red Herring

Kaspersky Labs has announced that someone had been conducting a hitherto unknown campaign wide-scale international espionage, dubbed Red October, for many years. Except it that I don’t think it has.

The story broke quietly on Friday in the Washington Post and has been repeated over some Internet news sites and blogs, almost verbatim, yesterday and today. Although keen for breaking news (especially where international intrigue is concerned), one should really take a step back and match the claims with the substance.

You can find the report here, although not the the Kaspersky site. It’s not the subject of any press release I’ve seen. No one could be contacted at Kaspersky for comment. Hmm. Specialist IT security sites, like Steve Gold’s IT Security Pro, aren’t treating this as a top story either. The only reason I’m hitting the keyboard is that people keep drawing it to my attention.

The report (assuming it isn’t a hoax) does contain a good analysis of what appears to be a new-ish botnet, although one that’s not very widespread (we’re not talking about Flame V2 here). Kaspersky has a lot of smart cookies working for them, and they do some very valuable research, but reading the posts on the subject you’d think they’d uncovered the next Watergate or similar. Perhaps they have, but all I’m seeing details so far  is of another botnet.

If their analysis is correct, the perpetrators do seem to be targeting government and diplomatic sites in particular, but this isn’t actually novel. They’ve identified targets in most of the developed world, with the interesting exception of England and China. As the code appears to be of Russian origin, and not particularly well obfuscated, it’s also noteworthy that the majority of the attacks have been launched against Russian targets.

So, as it stands, this looks like a competent investigations of a botnet. Well done Kaspersky. Now lets get some sleep.

 

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New Java exploit in the wild

Today AlienVault reported yet another vulnerability in Java, similar to CVE-2012-4681. Their head of Labs Jaime Blasco got hold of it and has been playing with it on a fully patched Java installation, and according to them, it works. If you fancy trying  it yourself, here are the details.

With Java embedded in to most web browsers (and if you don’t know about yours, it’s probably is), this is serious stuff. All you need do is go to a web page with some nasty embedded Java on it (by following a link in an email) and your machine is vulnerable to takeover. If you want to check whether Java is enabled on your browser, click here and check the version. If it returns “”No working Java was detected on your system…” then you’re okay. Right now, the only good Java is a dead one.

When Java first appeared as a cross-platform application language, much play was made of it being “sandboxed”, so a Java application was insulated from other applications and the host operating system. It didn’t take long for features to be added to allow it to manipulate files on the local system, providing obvious ways to break out. Security consists of guessing the ways this may occur and blocking them. This is a recipe for disaster unless the code is very taught. Opening the gates and then screening is the opposite of secure system design.

I realised something was wrong when a Sun evangelist tried to sell me on the idea of embedded Java – “We’ve reduced the footprint to 4Mb”. This was back in 1998, and 4Mb of ROM  on an embedded system was a hell of a lot. And it’s not just the size – 4Mb of code for doing what should be pretty straightforward stuff rang alarm bells. I don’t know about embedded Java, but the current JVM running on PCs is now talking in Gb. It’s hugely inefficient, which is a price you might choose to pay, but from a security point of view there’s no way you’re going to have that much code without all sorts of nasty stuff lurking away forgotten. Which explains why it keeps on coming out to bite us.

The only way to avoid your PC (or Macintosh or Linux box) being compromised is to disable the JVM until Oracle issue a patch for it.

 

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Bitlocker, PGP and TrueCrypt encryption broken (sort-of)

ElcomSoft has released a utility called Forensic Disk Decryptor that can get the data off encrypted hard drives without knowing the password. According to their web site it:

  • Decrypts information stored in three most popular crypto containers
  • Mounts encrypted BitLocker, PGP and TrueCrypt volumes

Amazing!

In complete decryption mode, Elcomsoft Forensic Disk Decryptor will automatically decrypt the entire content of the encrypted container, providing investigators with full, unrestricted access to absolutely all information stored on encrypted volumes.

Wow!

Elcomsoft Disk Decryptor PackageReading the technical details further, it’s not quite so amazing – they haven’t found a back-door to these encryption algorithms. Instead they’re examining the machine’s core (memory/RAM in user-land parlance) and pinching the key when they find it. This does, unfortunately, require that the machine in question is already running and decryption to be taking place ‘cos its user has already entered the password. This isn’t has hopeless as it sounds as there may be a core-dump (hibernation file) kicking around on an unencrypted hard disk, and indeed this is a known technique (one of very few) for getting data off these drives. Other methods are  scaring your suspect with a slap on the wrist if they don’t cough up the password, or running a trojan on the suspect’s PC (questionable legality).

According to ElcomSoft’s CEO, Vladimir Katalov, “Our customers asked us for a tool like this for a long, long time. We’re finally releasing a product that’s able to access encrypted volumes produced by all three popular crypto containers.”

ElcomSoft is a company that certainly knows what it’s doing, and this tool appears to automate a process that’s a PITA to do manually, but Mr. Katalov’s miraculous claims for the product shouldn’t unduly worry the user’s of this technology. It’s probably a good tool but it can’t do anything that wasn’t possible before.

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Government’s Daft Communications Bill

Never mind the privicy aspects, the communication’s bill is worrying because it shows the government has no idea at all about how communications on the Internet work. They seem to thing that passing a law allowing agencies to record the fact of, and possibly intercept, Internet communications will make it technically possible for them to do so. It will not. It’s as daft as passing a law to ban “recreational” drug use and then expecting the problem to disappear.

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My name is Elena and I live in small city in Russia.

You may have seen one or more of these in your inbox in the last few days:

Hello,
 
My name is Elena and I live in small city in Russia. I have a little daughter and no husband since he left us. Due to deep crisis recently I losted job and can not pay the heating bills for our home anymore. I finded your address at website and decided to write you from a public library. We urgent need heating because winter arriving and the temperature in our home is very cold. We can heat our home with a portable woodburner, but we unable buy it because it cost too much for us. If you own any old transportable woodburner from cast iron which you don’t use anymore, I pray you can gift to us and transport of it to us.
 
I hope for your answer.
 
Elena.

Okay – it’s obviously a scam, but it’s interesting as it’s getting through most spam filters. It actually originates from Tellas in Greece, from mail servers that aren’t blacklisted – although today it moved on to ADSL lines.

Reading the text, it’s  reminiscent of various “I’m a poor Russian in trouble” panhandles that appear annually at about this time of year. If you reply (it’s been tried) the person at the other end will suggest that instead of sending the stove you just send the money as she can buy one from the local market for a figure just under $200.

What I’m not so sure of is that the scammer is actually even Russian in this instance, as the language isn’t quite right. Russian speakers (in fact most East Europeans) are notoriously bad at using the definite or indefinite article (‘it’ or ‘a’) because it doesn’t exist in their language. This person fails to use it pretty consistently  thus sounding like a Russian trying to speak English, but slips up with “…buy it because it cost…”. She also has “…a little daughter…”. It suggests American, as a linguist friend pointed out, because of the use of “home” instead of “house” and “woodburner” instead of “wood burning stove”.

You might wonder why on earth the request is for a cast iron stove. Are the collecting them from scrap iron? Well, no – when you think about it, if you offer them a stove the shipping will be prohibitively expensive (they are heavy) so you can save money by simply sending the cash.

Anyone up on this kind of thing will  have been thinking “Valentin Mikhaylin” from the start. Okay, he changed the name to Elana in 2007 (or sometimes Valentin and his mother, Elana), but the stove story has been used for at least ten years. It has all the hallmarks, except one: This year the spams are getting through. This could be the scammer’s undoing – as everyone is receiving multiple copies it’s lost all plausibility in 2012. So what will 2013 be about, one wonders?

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Don’t use your real birthday on web sites

You’d have to be completely crazy to enter your name, address and date-of-birth when registering on a web site if you had any inkling of the security implications. Put simply, these are security questions commonly used by your bank and you really don’t want such information falling in to the wrong hands. So, security-savvy people use a fake DOB on different web sites. If you want to play fair with a site that’s asking this for demographic research, use approximately the correct year by all means, but don’t give them you mother’s real maiden name or anything else used by banks or government agencies to verify your identity, or the criminals will end up using it for their own purposes (i.e. emptying your bank account).

That banks, or anyone else, use personal details that can be uncovered with a bit of research at the public record office is a worry in itself. It’s only a minor hindrance to fraudulent criminals unless you provide random strings and insist to your bank that your father married a Miss Iyklandhqys. The bank might get uppity about it, but they should be more interested in security than genealogy.

This common knowledge, and common sense advice was repeated by civil servant from the Cabinet Office called Andy Smith at the Parliament and the Internet Conference at Portcullis House a few days ago. I’ve never met him, but he seems to have a better grasp of security than most of the government and civil service.

Enter Ms Goodman – Labour MP for Bishop Auckland. She heard this and declared his advice as “totally outrageous”, and went on to say that “I was genuinely shocked that a public official could say such a thing.”

I wish I was genuinely shocked at the dangerous ignorance of many MPs, but I can’t say that I am. Her political masters (New Labour) haven’t acted nearly quickly enough to suppress this foolish person. In her defence, she used the context that people used anonymous account to bully others. This doesn’t bear any scrutiny at all.

When are we going to find a politician with the faintest clue about how cyber security works? The fact that this ignoramus hasn’t disappeared under a barrage of criticism suggests that this isn’t an isolated problem – they’re all as culpable. Her biography shows just how qualified she is to talk about cyber security (or life outside of the Westminster bubble). I’ve no idea what she’s like as a person or MP, but a security expert she isn’t.

I do hope they listen to Andy Smith.